Showing posts with label athletic. Show all posts
Showing posts with label athletic. Show all posts

Gender In Sports: A Big Issue

In high schools and junior high schools across the country the importance of interscholastic sports competitions is  strongly demonstrated to the students.  They see the rewards and accolades given to the accomplished athletes,  not only at these levels, but at the collegiate and professional levels as well.   While  most of these teams are formed and exist for both men and women, it is interesting how different each team tends to be treated.  At High school football games, for example, the students and faculty show up in record numbers to prove their loyalty to the team and to the school itself.  This football team is always comprised of men who use the sport to demonstrate their masculinity through the smashing and bashing of each other's skulls.  Occasionally, one may find a select number of women who had to fight their way onto the team only to sit on the sidelines and watch.  It is quite probable that such girls are only able to get onto the teams on the basis that most schools simply do not have a football team dedicated solely to the women football athletes.   This lack of recognition for female athletes only becomes more frequent  as one progresses through the levels of competition in virtually any sport.  The games of women's teams, where they do exist, tend to draw only limited crowds at most levels of competition, scholastic or otherwise. In the realm of athletic activities, the American society has chosen not to offer the same opportunities to its women as it traditionally has to its men.
For centuries, it seems, it has generally been accepted that  sports and other activities relying upon physical performance have been left for the men to participate in and enjoy.  The women were generally left with the "traditional" duties of managing the household for their amusement.   Just as many things have come to be drastically altered over the course of the last century or so, so has this old fashioned idea.  Women have shown an interest of their own when it comes to sports.  They have demonstrated that they, too, want to be able to prove their physical ability and talent through competition in a variety of athletic activities.  While most of these activities are adapted versions of the same sports that were originally played by the men, women have shown that they can play them just as hard and as dirty against each other as the men have been doing for as long as one can recall.  They have shown that they can be conditioned and up to the physical challenge that most sports demand, despite their being female and traditionally seen as "delicate creatures" by society.  With few exceptions, women have proven that they really are no different than men when it comes to their abilities to participate in activities that used to be reserved for the masculine and the "strong" as opposed to the feminine and the "weak."
Only recently have activities, such as football, begun to present themselves as attractive sports for young girls wishing to participate in something athletic.  Previously, the participation of the "weaker sex"  in such a "harsh game" has been discouraged for a variety of reasons.  Some site the "frailty" of women as the exclusion factor, relying on the assumption  that all members of the female sex possess this inhibiting characteristic This idea can be  proven wrong by any young girl who has had to grow up surrounded either by a group of  rowdy, older brothers or has lived in a neighborhood consisting primarily of  male companions.  In this environment, especially, she has been forced to identify with those around her by taking part in the same activities and play as roughly as any one of the guys do with each other.  She has demonstrated that she does not let her sex dictate who she is or who she wants to be.    It is in part for this reason , perhaps, that girls have started to come out of their traditional roles as demure  females and desire to step onto the playing fields with those with whom  they may have grown up.  Where teams do not exist specifically for women in some sports, some have taken it upon themselves to try and play with the guys.  These girls tend to find opposition to this type of change within their schools and communities. Why should society tell her that she may not  participate because it is not a sport designed for her?   Since all  women do not possess this assumed quality of innate frailty any more than all  men possess the ability to fix cars and belch,  they should not be treated as if they do.


Since professional sports teams were first developed years ago, women have not received  their share of recognition for athletic ability by the establishment of  leagues and teams  within which  they may play professionally.  What makes a man playing a sport  more interesting to watch than a woman playing the same game?    Perhaps it is due to the fact that women's sports aren't as popular at the high school and collegiate levels as the men's sports tend to be.  For this reason, the owners and developers of  professional sports leagues may not feel that there is a need for these types of leagues.  At the same time, a sort of circular idea emerges in that it could also be the case that these sports are not as popular at the high school level simply because teams do not exist at a professional level for female athletes to use as a goal or role model.  For example, many spectators watch the football, baseball, and basketball games eagerly in high school because they know that the possibility exists that  the  strongest athletes  may be talented enough to go on to compete at  the higher levels.  On the other hand, most  women do not have this opportunity to go on to achieve such glorious recognition, so why should the spectators be as interested in their playing of a mere game in any sport?
      Growing up in the American society, young girls and women are not given the same opportunities as their male counterparts in the ways of athletic competition and sports in general.  From the time children begin to walk and run, our culture has led us to point the little boys in the direction of various athletic activities, while sending the little girls off to play "school" and "house."  This has, over time, been enlarged to be the general idea where sports are concerned.  At the scholastic levels of competition, high school and college alike, while teams have been created for women, the best resources and ideas are usually reserved for the players on the men's teams.  They are the primary reason that the new stadium is erected or the new facilities have been designed to accommodate.  These institutions only contribute to the sense of  inequality among the sexes in their blatant separation and mismatched treatment of the sports teams of men an women.   The crowds often flock to the men's games, while only the diehard fans come to watch the women's teams hard at work.  All of this is only enhanced by the lack of any professional sports leagues in which women may participate and form careers.  The  idea that women cannot handle the world of sports is ridiculous because general assumptions of that magnitude cannot be accurately made by anyone.  Women are as capable of playing athletics in the respected arena as any  man is and it is time that action be taken to observe the truth of this statement.

Blood Lactate And Training To Improve Threshold

Type II muscle fibers oxidize lactate at a very fast rates. When muscle contraction produces a significant amount of lactate, it is then released into the central circulation of the blood, and within seconds it is made available to that muscle for energy. Therefore, 75% of the lactate produced from high intensity exercise is made available for energy production in type II muscle fibers. The remaining 25% of lactic acid is used for energy in the heart, the make up of liver glycogen, and the supply of energy to inactive muscles. A good example of this would be a runner who is exceeding his or her planned race pace in a 10k. The excess lactic acid accumulated in the contracting muscle from insufficient oxygen is then made available to inactive muscles (e.g., the arms) from the central circulation of blood.

The remaining lactic acid that is not directly oxidized for fuels is sent to the liver, where it is stored as glycogen. In the process of exercise, glycogen is released into the blood stream to form glucose.

Lactate is Good

As coach and athlete you must learn how to teach the body to handle lactic acid. It is imperative, if you want successes in today's highly competitive field of athletics to train your muscles, body and mind to accomplish gains in performance even in the presence of lactic acid. Coaches and athletes should design training programs with this being a primary focus. This is done by two basic components of training.

Long Slow Distance (LSD) training beyond the normal racing distance, will develop tissue enzyme adaptations that will rely upon the use of free fatty acids for energy production, which will result in less lactic acid being produced. LSD training will also increase the rate of lactic acid removal from the blood and muscles. During continuos steady state exercise, you increase capillary density and mitochondria function in skeletal muscle, These two peripheral adaptations brought on by LSD training will enable your body to handle lactic acid much more efficiency.

High intensity training will develop the cardiovascular system to increase the rate of oxygen transport to the contracting muscles so there is less reliance on carbohydrate breakdown to lactic acid. High intensity training such as intervals., and variable pace workouts, will increase your functional capacity (Max VO2). This means that in actual competition you will produce less lactic acid, because your muscles are relying mostly on the use of free fatty acids for fuel. The lactic acid that is produce will be removed by the tissues that can use it as fuel, such as the heart and type II muscle fibers.

More On Aerobic Type Training

When it comes right down to it, the main way to increase oxygen uptake is to do distance, plain and simple. Generally speaking, Type I muscle fibers (the endurance fibers) are the fibers which must be trained in order to raise VO2 Max, But, what exactly does raising VO2 Max entail and what is happening.

VO2 Max is comprised of several factors: VO2 = Q X (A-Vo2 difference) where Q = Heart rate * volume of blood pumped per beat and (A-Vo2 difference) is the amount of oxygen extracted by the muscle. So, there are three things involved. Well, since, by definition VO2 Max will be highest at maximum heart rate, it would be great if you could raise this. Unfortunately, maximum heart rate is genetically determined and does not change with training (although it does decrease with age).



One of the effects of prolonged endurance training is an increase in heart size and pumping strength. These two factors see to raise the volume of blood which can be pumped per beat. Incidentally, this is also part of why aerobic athletes have very decreased resting heart rates. Actually, their Q values are the same as sedentary people, it's just that since their heart can pump more blood in a given beat, the heart doesn't have to beat as often at rest.

Well, another adaptation to endurance exercise is an increase in aerobic enzymes in the muscles and an increase in mitochondria density and number. This serves to increase the (A-V02 difference) as the muscles are now capable of extracting more oxygen from the blood. This increase generally occurs the most in the Type I fibers which have the most aerobic enzymes and mitochondria to begin with. Hence, in order to improve VO2 Max, it is necessary to both stress the heart to improve stroke volume and also the Type I muscle fibers to get the necessary enzymatic changes to occur. Basically, the key to both of these is duration.

Also, note that, in order to be competitive in endurance events, you cannot do only distance work. Although much of the race may be done at low intensities, there will be times (hills, final sprints) when you need to go faster than your easy pace. If all you've done is distance work, you'll get blown away during these times. That's' why its imperative to include an anaerobic component to your training (intervals) to compliment the aerobic conditioning to race successfully.

AT Training

Anaerobic Threshold Conditioning works in two ways. The first is an increase in maximal heart rate due to a rise in cardiac output and stroke volume. The second is the specific training of Type IIa muscle cells, which have some aerobic capacities, unlike Type IIb (which is also a Fast Twitch muscle fiber, but has no aerobic capabilities). AT training enhances aerobic enzyme activity and muscle density in the Type II cells, giving them a greater ability to supply O2 for the energy you need when racing at high speeds. The way to achieve these gains is through intervals. Intervals are designed to bring heart rate, cardiac output and 02 intake to maximal values, which help you obtain those last little gains in VO2 your economy. We all reach a point in our fitness where it is very difficult to improve our performance even the slightest bit. Intervals will work on your cardiovascular system, improving O2 delivery and efficiency rates, giving you a boost in ability. More importantly, they will allow you to exercise continually at a higher percentage of your functional capacity.

AT Training Can Improve Performance By 7-8%

Researches have shown that a trained endurance athlete can improve his or her performance by 7-8% by including AT work in the weekly workout. A 7% increase in aerobic capacity could mean a considerable time difference in a 10k performance. For example, if you complete the 10k in 38 minutes, a 7% increase in your aerobic capacity could allow you to better your best time by a little over 2 minutes. The reason for this increase is that with AT training you train your 02 system to work more efficiently. In order to improve your oxygen delivery system adequately enough to get these benefits it's necessary to perform anaerobic conditioning which, contrary to popular belief, does not necessarily mean exercising without oxygen. Anaerobic simply means that you can't supply enough 02 or energy to the active muscles in order for them to constantly rely upon fat and glycogen as their sole energy source. At high intensity exercise there is not enough 02 provided. Thus you slip into anaerobic metabolism, which involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid and lactate acid without the presence of 02. This makes up the difference and supplies additional energy to your muscles to keep them going. There are several different types of AT training that one can do to enhance the oxygen delivery system, including Long Fast Distance Variable Pace, Fartleks, and Tempo runs.

Athletic Trainers

Athletic Trainers


An athletic traine seeking employment in today's job market is likely to encounter many problems and obstacles along the way. The need for higher education greatly affects the prospect for the athletic trainer with only the baccaulereate degree. Those with this degree are better suited to seek employment in the rehabilitative therapy clinic setting. Many of these clinics have contracts with the local high schools or university thus allowing for more employees and allowing these entry level positions.  Clinics also tebd to employ the student trainers who also have a tendency to move on after their education. With third party payees coming more into this field there should be an increase in the job availability for the athletic trainer in the clinical setting.

There are also many openings for trainers in the high school level. The down side to this area of work is that this position is not generally based on the care and concern for the health and well being of the student athlete but is contingent on the budget aspect.

The most dismal field for an athletic trainer seeking employment is in the college level. Athletic trainers most certainly need advanced degrees as well as certification of the National Athletic Trainers Association. Most Athletic trainers in this level have accepted employment while in college or attending that particular university. The college level for the athletic trainer position has not increased over the past few years- due impart to the hiring of the student trainers leaving no openings for the athletic trainer who is seeking full time employment.

Obviously there is a definite need for advanced degrees in todays society, if one is seeking employment as an athletic trainer due to the fact that there is a very limited job field and openings are few and far between.

In order to be fully prepared for the position of athletic trainer in todays sports related society, the potential trainer needs to obtain the minimum of a baccalaureate degree with a designated course of study. They need to have studied thoroughly anatomy and physiology, physiology of exercise, rehabilitation, kineseiology, psychology, injury evaluation and also emergency care procedures and techniques. Before meeting the requirements to become eligible to test for the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) a potential trainer needs a minumum of 800 clinical hours of experience or 1500 hours if not enrolled in an accredited athletic training education program. The NATA also requires continuing education units for a certified trainer to remain certified through them.

The steps to obtaining a career in the field of athletic training are fairly simple. A desire to work in the sports related field is obviously the driving force for most. A BA is the minimum degree along with clinical hours of experience as noted earlier. Also the National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification requires continuing education classed to maintain and update your knowledge of new procedures. A Masters Degree is often sought by the athletic trainer to further advance their career. A select few often go on and pursue a doctoral degree and progress on to become instructors.

Depending on the location of the high school/ clinic/ university the Athletic trainer may encounter many different obstacles to overcome in the day to day running of the training office.

A few of these problems are, but not limited to, the following:

Budgeting problems : many athletic trainers have learned how to "juggle" funds and become extremely frugal to maintain within the budget limitations.

Travel: there is often the need for the trainer to accompany the team or athletes on the road to games and sports events which poses a hardship both on the trainers life and the life of their families.

There will always be the legal aspects of the job field to content with for the athletic trainers. There is a definate need for the explicit following of all rules and procedures in order to try to prevent any egal ramifications. While employeed at any particular school or clinic a trainer should be covered at all times by the schools liability policy. All athletes are required to sign a waiver when they decide to participate in the sport of their choice and this too is a protective measure for both the trainer and the school or the clinic.

Although it may seem like the problems along with the dismal job openings are a great deal to contend with when one is contemplating choosing the field of Athletic Training there are a great many pluses to this field too. Many a trainer has a feeling of camaradarie with his athletes feeling of being one of the team...being one with the boys. They also feel a sense of pride and accomplishment when their team or athlete does well also.

An athletic trainer tends to become an integral part of an athletes life as they see each other on a daily basis in the training room or at the clinic. Athletes often come to the trainer for advice on how to maintain the health of their bodies as well as with the rehabilitation of their injuries. The trainer is there to offer advice and also for the support  when an athlete is feeling down and about recovery. This is a very important part of the job.