Gender In Sports: A Big Issue

In high schools and junior high schools across the country the importance of interscholastic sports competitions is  strongly demonstrated to the students.  They see the rewards and accolades given to the accomplished athletes,  not only at these levels, but at the collegiate and professional levels as well.   While  most of these teams are formed and exist for both men and women, it is interesting how different each team tends to be treated.  At High school football games, for example, the students and faculty show up in record numbers to prove their loyalty to the team and to the school itself.  This football team is always comprised of men who use the sport to demonstrate their masculinity through the smashing and bashing of each other's skulls.  Occasionally, one may find a select number of women who had to fight their way onto the team only to sit on the sidelines and watch.  It is quite probable that such girls are only able to get onto the teams on the basis that most schools simply do not have a football team dedicated solely to the women football athletes.   This lack of recognition for female athletes only becomes more frequent  as one progresses through the levels of competition in virtually any sport.  The games of women's teams, where they do exist, tend to draw only limited crowds at most levels of competition, scholastic or otherwise. In the realm of athletic activities, the American society has chosen not to offer the same opportunities to its women as it traditionally has to its men.
For centuries, it seems, it has generally been accepted that  sports and other activities relying upon physical performance have been left for the men to participate in and enjoy.  The women were generally left with the "traditional" duties of managing the household for their amusement.   Just as many things have come to be drastically altered over the course of the last century or so, so has this old fashioned idea.  Women have shown an interest of their own when it comes to sports.  They have demonstrated that they, too, want to be able to prove their physical ability and talent through competition in a variety of athletic activities.  While most of these activities are adapted versions of the same sports that were originally played by the men, women have shown that they can play them just as hard and as dirty against each other as the men have been doing for as long as one can recall.  They have shown that they can be conditioned and up to the physical challenge that most sports demand, despite their being female and traditionally seen as "delicate creatures" by society.  With few exceptions, women have proven that they really are no different than men when it comes to their abilities to participate in activities that used to be reserved for the masculine and the "strong" as opposed to the feminine and the "weak."
Only recently have activities, such as football, begun to present themselves as attractive sports for young girls wishing to participate in something athletic.  Previously, the participation of the "weaker sex"  in such a "harsh game" has been discouraged for a variety of reasons.  Some site the "frailty" of women as the exclusion factor, relying on the assumption  that all members of the female sex possess this inhibiting characteristic This idea can be  proven wrong by any young girl who has had to grow up surrounded either by a group of  rowdy, older brothers or has lived in a neighborhood consisting primarily of  male companions.  In this environment, especially, she has been forced to identify with those around her by taking part in the same activities and play as roughly as any one of the guys do with each other.  She has demonstrated that she does not let her sex dictate who she is or who she wants to be.    It is in part for this reason , perhaps, that girls have started to come out of their traditional roles as demure  females and desire to step onto the playing fields with those with whom  they may have grown up.  Where teams do not exist specifically for women in some sports, some have taken it upon themselves to try and play with the guys.  These girls tend to find opposition to this type of change within their schools and communities. Why should society tell her that she may not  participate because it is not a sport designed for her?   Since all  women do not possess this assumed quality of innate frailty any more than all  men possess the ability to fix cars and belch,  they should not be treated as if they do.


Since professional sports teams were first developed years ago, women have not received  their share of recognition for athletic ability by the establishment of  leagues and teams  within which  they may play professionally.  What makes a man playing a sport  more interesting to watch than a woman playing the same game?    Perhaps it is due to the fact that women's sports aren't as popular at the high school and collegiate levels as the men's sports tend to be.  For this reason, the owners and developers of  professional sports leagues may not feel that there is a need for these types of leagues.  At the same time, a sort of circular idea emerges in that it could also be the case that these sports are not as popular at the high school level simply because teams do not exist at a professional level for female athletes to use as a goal or role model.  For example, many spectators watch the football, baseball, and basketball games eagerly in high school because they know that the possibility exists that  the  strongest athletes  may be talented enough to go on to compete at  the higher levels.  On the other hand, most  women do not have this opportunity to go on to achieve such glorious recognition, so why should the spectators be as interested in their playing of a mere game in any sport?
      Growing up in the American society, young girls and women are not given the same opportunities as their male counterparts in the ways of athletic competition and sports in general.  From the time children begin to walk and run, our culture has led us to point the little boys in the direction of various athletic activities, while sending the little girls off to play "school" and "house."  This has, over time, been enlarged to be the general idea where sports are concerned.  At the scholastic levels of competition, high school and college alike, while teams have been created for women, the best resources and ideas are usually reserved for the players on the men's teams.  They are the primary reason that the new stadium is erected or the new facilities have been designed to accommodate.  These institutions only contribute to the sense of  inequality among the sexes in their blatant separation and mismatched treatment of the sports teams of men an women.   The crowds often flock to the men's games, while only the diehard fans come to watch the women's teams hard at work.  All of this is only enhanced by the lack of any professional sports leagues in which women may participate and form careers.  The  idea that women cannot handle the world of sports is ridiculous because general assumptions of that magnitude cannot be accurately made by anyone.  Women are as capable of playing athletics in the respected arena as any  man is and it is time that action be taken to observe the truth of this statement.

Game Over: Basketball Career

As I stood at the three point line, the ball seemed to be in slow     motion. Screams from the crowd came as the ball dropped through the     net. Not only did this shot go in but it dropped through the net with     such force that it made a sound that was heard throughout the gym. The     gym was packed and the fans were on their feet, I had just hit my first     three pointer of my varsity basketball career. As our team set up the     press, sweat dripped from my face. I was close enough to kiss my     opponent; there was no way he was going to get the ball. He shoved me     backward and he planted his foot on mine, he then pushed off and ran for     the inbounder. I fell back a few feet and sprinted towards my man. As     the inbounder released the ball with a firm push I stuck my handout in     hopes for a steal, SNAP! As the ball was deflected towards the right my     man ran and picked it up. I quickly looked down at my finger and with     fear and pain walked over to my bench. My pinkie-finger on my right     hand was at a ninety degree ankle, as sweat dripped down may face I     could feel myself getting hot. My stomach seemed to drop and I was     feeling as if I was on a roller coaster. The game had been stopped and     I was brought into the coaches room. My assistant coach led me into the     room and sat me down on a wooden chair. I began to feel very cold, and     my finger began to have a shooting pain. This pain was not present     before and was no making itself known that there was something wrong     with.     My parents entered the room, my mother carrying a face that I never had     seen before. My father with a calm collective look to him. The     assistant then began to explain that there was to deal with this, either     go to the hospital and miss the game or deal with it write in the room.     My mother stared over at my coach when he relayed this message to me and     my father seem to agree with my coach. I looked at my coach with eyes     of trust and horror, and then laid my hand in his. He then took his     hand and placed it over my pinkie. Which by now was swelling and     extremely painful, he then got a firm grip and with one quick tug my     finger was now vertically correct. My coach then looked at me with     bulging eyes and asked how it felt. Being the starting point guard on     my schools varsity team there was no way I was going to say that I     needed to leave the game. With a convincing nod and a energetic     response I was on my way back onto the court. I reentered the game and     the crowd began to applaud, I was so nervous. It was like the first     time I had ever played basketball in front of a crowd. The game resumed     and I ran down the court, my finger throbbed and I could not help but     think of it. My teammates snapped the ball quickly over to me and I     caught it. I felt like dropping the ball and running to the sideline     but instead I got rid of the ball as soon as I could. I then proceeded     to run over to the sideline and with a look of pain in my eyes I let my     coach know that I needed to come out of the game. As I sat there and     watched my team lose the game I could not decide if I was hurting more     from my finger or form the fact that I was not in there helping my team.    As the coach was screaming and yelling in the locker room I could not     help but think about my finger, the pain was no shooting down my arm and     I was praying that I did not break it. I showered and proceeded to get     dressed. Each time I buttoned a button on my shirt I would get a     shooting pain, I began to believe that I should go to the hospital but I     did not want to let anyone know. I walked up the steps and there were     my parents, my Mom gave me a look of compassion and she seemed very     concerned. Sternly, my father said that I should o to the hospital but     with a convincing tone of voice I talked them out of it. I went home     that night and stayed up thinking about the possibility that I might     have a broken finger. As I dazed off to sleep I repeated to myself that     things were going to be O.K.     I woke up in some pain but I thought nothing of I because injuries are     always worse the day after. It was Saturday so I had a couple of days     to rest my finger, by mid-afternoon my finger as throbbing like it had     just been hit by a hammer. At this time I decided that I needed to go     to the emergency room. My father and I hopped into the 95 Mazda 626 and     of to the hospital we went. On the ride there several things were going     though my mind, although I was very optimistic. At most I thought I     would miss a month or so, and that was absolute tops. I got to the     hospital and filled out paperwork. Actually I filled out endless pages     of paperwork that was quite painful to my finger. About twenty minutes     later a short, skinny blond hair nurse came out and with a soft voice     said "Sheahan." I then got up and with a nervous step in my walk     proceeded to the examination room. I took a seat and the nurse asked to     see my finger. She gently touched my finger. With a stare that made me     nervous, replied "this does not look good." With a threatened voice I     said" What do you mean," she then pointed out to me that the top part     of my finger was twisted to the left. My knuckle was twice the size of     any other one on my finger and it had a blue color to it, the kind of     blue you see when you have been bruised very badly. I had notice this     before but I had failed to make a big deal of it, then the doctor walked
    in. He was a tall man with a thick mustache and thick brown hair. He     opened his mouth and the words "how did you do this?" came out. I     replied in a basketball game and he then began to take a look at my     finger. He had a look of concern on his face and before I knew it I was     gong to have my fingered x-rayed. I had this done which took all of ten     minutes and then he returned with the results. I had been siting there     in anticipation of the results. I was on the edge of my seat waiting for     his return. Then the door opened slowly and the doctor walked in. He     took a seat next to me and with a calm voice said" It looks as if you     are going to need surgery." I almost fell out of my seat this would     mean that I would miss just about my whole season. Me, the starting     point guard out for the season. I looked at my father with hope and     desperation hoping that he would have some advice to give me. What could     he say the doctor had given his diagnosis and he was right. The doctor     then proceeded with a stern convincing voice to say that I had shattered     the bones in my right pinkie finger. I would have to have surgery to     pin these bones back together, the process is going to take about two     and half hours. I picked myself up off the floor and my dad and I got     back into the Mazda and drove home. I was extremely quite on the way     home and felt as if all my hard work and preparation for this basketball     season was for nothing. Although my father tried to keep my hopes up it     was not having any effect on me. The trip to hospital was one that I     regretted and in two weeks form then, would be paying for in the     operating room.     The weekend seemed to drag on forever and finally Monday rolled around.     Throughout school I had shooting pains in my finger and all I could     think about was what exactly my coach was going to say when I gave him     the news that I was going to be out for six weeks. The day ended and I     packed my school bag as usual, I then headed for basketball practice. I     got there and everyone came up to me asking ho my finger was, I     responded with an upset disappointing tone, that I would be out for six     weeks. The team was as surprised as I was when I heard the noise.     Although the team felt bad, they were not the ones that were going to     have the doctor cut open their finger, and pin tiny bones back together.     I had stay on the sidelines and watch the team day in and day out play     the game that I loved so much. The worst of it was that I had to watch     someone fill my spot, a spot that I had worked long hours for in the     summer. Someone was just going to step in and take the spot that I had     reserved for myself. That was worse than the pain of my finger or the     surgery I had to go through.     The day had come, and I woke up extremely early that mourning. I was     not allowed to eat anything and as I was driving in with my father my     stomach was growling. We arrived at the hospital and I checked in at     the front desk, a rather large women with brown hair took the     information that they needed. They brought me into a room and had me     put on a johnny. You know, one of those pieces of clothing that shows     your ass to the world. I cam out of the bathroom and they had brought     in a television for my father and I to watch as I waited. We put in     "Whit men can't jump" and just as Woody was going to take the court for     the first time the overweight nurse walked in. They brought me to the     prep room and there I lay just waiting to go under. As they started my     IV I began to get nervous. I thought of nothing except for the surgery     to come the doctor then added vallium to my iv and before I could count     to five I was out.     I woke up and felt very sluggish, I lay there for a while and then     proceeded to get dressed. The operation was over and I was on my way to     recovery. Two weeks passed and I was still attending every practice and     every game, this was very hard for me because I was unable to play. The     season went on and I watched for the sidelines, and on the final game of     the season I got my cast off. However, I was unable to play because I     still needed to go to therapy for my finger. My junior basketball     season was lost, and I could never get it back. The effects came a year     later, May of senior year.  

Floor Exercise Make a Gymnastics Performance


Floor exercise is a sequence of tumbles, leaps, and balances, which make a gymnastics performance. No equipment is used, only a mat and open space. At competitions, judges look for good posture, proper technique, continuity, and variety.

      Floor exercise builds confidence and character. Your self confidence increases as you learn body control. As you become involved you will gain self discipline. You will learn valuable lessons about exercise, eating correctly, and getting the proper amount of rest, leading to a healthy and longer life.
Competitive acrobatics have various levels at which people can participate and gain recognition for achievements. Most important, floor exercise is fun. More challenging the than other activities.
Tumbling is considered the basis of all acrobatics. Although it is not one of the four Olympic competitive events, tumbling is important because the skills you learn will help you perform the other events. For example, the basic forward roll can also be performed on the balance beam and in the floor exercise, and is important even when learning the vault and the uneven bars.

      The best way to learn floor exercise is through progressions. A progression is a step by step method of learning skills, beginning with the easy ones and gradually mastering the more difficult ones. If you wanted to learn a forward somersault, you would not just start out trying to do the somersault. Instead, you would learn a whole series of skills one by one, moving along to the next one only after you mastered the first. It is important to be patient when learning floor exercises through progressions.  Do not move on to the next skill in the progression until you and your coach have determined that you are ready. This method will allow you to learn a large number of skills while having fun and developing confidence.
If you find a skill to be particularly difficult to learn, perhaps you are trying to take too big of a step, or too many, in your progression. Ask your coach for assistance. She or he can almost always give you smaller steps that will help you reach your goal.
In learning acrobatics or any other sport it requires that you also learn the language of the sport. The language of acrobatics is quite complicated. For example, a forward roll is done on the ground, but a forward somersault or salto is done in the air. Someone might think that you have learned a front flip, but you will know that this is really a salto.

      Floor exercise is fun and one of the best overall physical fitness activities that there is provided that you and your coach use common sense and pay attention to the rules of safety. This sport involves flipping and twisting. Therefore floor exercise carries a risk of physical injury. No matter how careful you and your coach are, no matter how many spotters are use, the risk cannot be eliminated. Reduced, but never eliminated.
The risk of injury in floor exercise includes minor injuries such as bruises and serious injuries such as broken bones, dislocations and muscle pulls. Unfortunately, as in practically every sport the risk also includes very serious injuries, such as permanent paralysis or even death from landing or falls onto the back, neck, or head.
It is important for you to learning floor exercise from a good coach in a well-equipped gym and to listen carefully to your coach and follow the safety rules that your gym has set.
There are things that you can do to make sure that floor exercise is safe:



1.  Never participate unless you have a proper supervisor. Every floor exercise class, practice, or workout should be supervised by a trained teacher or coach.
2.  Dress appropriately. Use chalk, handgrips, tape and protective body equipment where needed. When in doubt, consult your instructor.
3.  Communicate clearly with your coach. Make sure that you both know exactly what, when, where, how, and why you are to perform a particular skill and how you will be spotted. If you have questions, ask.
4.  Be sure that you are feeling physically, as well as mentally, at your best and ready to perform. Total fitness is very important for safe floor exercise.
5.  Master the basic skills first. Do not try to skip ahead and move too fast. Follow the steps your teacher lays out for you to learn skills. Be sure to know the skill. This includes having a clear idea of what the skill is and knowing how to begin, execute, and complete the entire movement.
6.  Always follow through. Once you commit to performing a skill, follow through to its completion.
7.  Finally, know your limitations. You should develop a healthy awareness and respect for what you can do and what you cannot do in learning and performing floor exercise. Don't be impatient. There is plenty to learn and plenty of time in which to learn it.

The Forward Roll
1.  Start from a squatting position
2.  Place the hands at shoulder width on the ground.
3.  Duck the head under, while pushing off with the legs.
      N.B.  The weight of the body should be carried by the arms as long as possible, until the upper back and shoulders make contact.

The Backward Roll
1.  Start from a squatting position with hands at shoulder with on the ground.
2.  Rock forward, and then push off backwards quickly.
3.  When the hands leave the ground, move the arms backwards while rolling, and keep the knees and chin tucked.
4.  Place the hands above the shoulders, and roll over onto the feet.

The Back Extension
1.  Start in same position as backward roll.
2.  Raise the legs upward, and lift yourself onto the hands.
3.  Snap out of the position by lowering both legs at the same time.

Explanation And Examination Of Hit And Run Play In Baseball

Baseball is a game of individuals and confrontations between individuals. At that moment when the pitcher stares into the catcher's mitt, scratches himself, gets into his windup, and fires the pitch home, it's all between him and the batter. There may
fielders in set and ready position on the field, baserunners languishing off their bases, and teammates and coaches watching anxiously from the dugout, but during those few nanoseconds of drama, baseball becomes a two player game. Likewise, on virtuall
any play - a flyball, a grounder, a popup etc. - all attention focuses only on the fielder and perhaps the runner that he will attempt to throw out. All plays that is, except for the hit-and-run.
Simply put, a hit and run is a play in which a runner on any base (usually first) takes off as soon as the pitcher releases the ball, and the batter at the plate attempts to make contact no matter what kind of pitch he gets and wherever it's thrown. Wi
the exception of a double steal, the hit and run is the only play in which two players on the offensive team work in conjunction with one another. The coach or manager who makes the call must take care to select an instance in which the runner can get
decent jump and the pitcher throws a good pitch to hit. The batter must make every attempt to put the ball in play, or if he cannot, do anything he can to "protect the runner"; meaning he must time and place his swing accurately enough to block the catc
r's ability to see the fielder covering second and throw accurately. Obviously, the hitter and runner both have to be aware that they will be attempting to execute a hit and run and the pitcher has to be careful to both hold the runner and throw a good
tch, making a hit-and-run one of the few instances in which the action and confrontation expand past the usual one-on-one format.
As with all risky actions in life, the hit-and-run can yield great dividends or cause great losses for the team attempting to execute it. The advantages of a successful hit and run include allowing the baserunner to take an extra base on a base hit or
eak up a double play on a groundball. The disadvantages include minimizing the effectiveness of a good hitter (since he's forced to swing, no matter what comes at him), or worse, causing a strike-em-out-throw-em-out double play if the batter is unsucces
ul at making contact. That can totally destroy a potentially big inning. As a result, the-hit-and-run is generally executed only when there's a good runner on base and an above average hitter at the plate. One would not, for example, expect to see Luis
jo executing the "hit" part of a hit-and-run with Cecil Fielder on the basepaths. As a matter of fact, you wouldn't likely see the free-swinging and oft-missing Fielder involved in a hit-and-run play from either vantage point. But, to use another exampl
from the 1996 World Champions, two current Yankees who might have a higher likelihood of implementing a successful hit-and-run together are Wade Boggs, who despite being 169 years old remains one of the purest hitters in the game and can consistently be
elied upon to put the ball in play, and Bernie Williams, one of the fastest runners on the team. Their combined contact ability and swiftness make them perhaps the quintessential example of a model hit-and-run duo.
It should be noted however, that speed is not the only skill required for the player attempting the tail end of the hit-and-run to be successful. Since the runner is flying down the basepaths at full speed with all of his adrenaline flowing, he must be
ble to make a lightning quick shift of gears and go back to his original base, against his momentum, if the situation should call for it (i.e. linedrive or popup). Therefore, in addition to speed, he must also be a smart baserunner, able to make instan
neous decisions and act on them rapidly. That decision alone, whether to take another base, stand at the current one, or backtrack to the previous one, can in some cases be the deciding factor in determining the outcome of a play, an inning, or an entir
game. And that is what makes Williams, with his five years of big-league experience, a better hit-and-runner (with emphasis on the "runner") than rookies Derek Jeter and Andy Fox, who may have more speed, but lack baserunning smarts.


A manager must consider a myriad of other factors besides the hitter and runner(s) involved when determining whether or not to call for a hit-and-run. "Who do I have due up next? What hitters do I have on the bench? How good is the opposition's pitcher
and of what quality are the arms available in their bullpen? What's the score? How many outs are there? How late in the game is it? What is the morale of my team/ability to come back from behind?" A good manager will consider all of these questions and
re before deciding to call for a hit-and-run.. If he sees that he has a bunch of solid contact hitters due up, he may not want to increase the chance of an out by calling for a hit and run. On the other hand, with two outs and the bottom of the order co
ng up, he may want to call for the risky play even with a runner of only average speed on the base paths. A tie or one run game in the late innings may prompt a manager to risk going for the extra base as well. So clearly, the hit-and-run is not a play
at should be called for haphazardly without considering all seemingly extraneous factors, which in reality are crucial and fundamental in determining the sensibility of calling for a hit-and-run. Knowing how to understand and take advantage of them to t
utmost, vis-à-vis the hit and run and other strategies, separates a Joe Torre, a World Series championship manager who is confident in his ability to gauge potential hit-and-run situations and capitalize on them, from a Buck Showalter, a much more cons
vative manager, who, perhaps because he didn't know how and when to use the hit-and-run effectively, rarely called for it, and eventually lost his job.
All in all, the excitement of a hit-and-run is pretty much unparalleled in baseball. For those who complain that it's a boring sport, the hit-and-run provides running, hitting, pitching, defensive maneuvering, and throwing all on one play. It can also
as climacteric as it is dramatic; successful or unsuccessful implementation of the hit-and-run can often be the difference between triumphant victory or crushing defeat. It may well be the most strategy oriented, thought provoking element of the game.
e hit-and-run expands baseball beyond the one-on-one confrontations that some people may perhaps find unappealing about the game, and keeps everyone on his toes.

Drugs: Hurt Players and Sports

Brett Favre, Diego Maradona, and Darryl Strawberry are all big name sport stars. They all play different sports, but all have the same problem: they tested positive for using illegal drugs. Cocaine, anabolic steroids, and painkillers are just a sample of drugs found in sports. Cocaine is described this way, "It makes you feel like you can do anything, and for athletes who long to be in control all the time, that's a strong temptation" (Coffey 1). Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic forms of hormones that produce muscle faster (Rozin 176). Over fifty percent of the players in the National Football League are weekend or recreational users of cocaine (Burwell 1) . Forty-four Olympians have been caught with steroid use since 1972 (Corelli 28). Through Favre's painkillers, Strawberry's and Maradona's cocaine, one can see that drugs hurt the athletes as well as the sport.
First Brett Favre, who was the Most Valuable Player in the National Football League last season, entered a drug abuse center for his addiction to Vicodin, a very strong painkiller (Plummer 129 ). Favre had problems because of Vicodin. Favre suffered a seizure in February while in surgery to repair a broken bone. The seizure resulted from the abuse of the painkiller (Howard 1). Favre states, "I went to Topeka, because the pills had gotten the best of me"
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( qtd. in Plummer 129). Favre's daughter Brittany asked his wife Deanna, "Is he going to die?" (qtd. in Plummer 129). He not only scared himself but his family as well. Favre not has to submit up to ten urine tests a month. His losses were internal as well. "It is kind of embarrassing," says Favre; "I will do whatever it takes" (qtd. in Plummer 133). He spent several weeks in rehabilitation but was not be fined or suspended. If caught again his charge will be a four game suspension with loss of pay.
Another famous athlete, Diego Maradona, was once considered the most skilled soccer player in the world. Now he is considered a loser. Maradona was banned from international soccer play for testing positive for cocaine. Shortly after that, he was arrested for cocaine possession (Longman 1). The fifteen month suspension ended in time for Maradona to play in the 1994 World Cup. He was then caught with five illegal drugs in his system. One doctor called it a "cocktail drug" (Sports Illustrated 10). He was then kicked out of the World Cup. "This latest behavior will no doubt further damage Maradona's already sagging reputation, "said U. S. soccer team member Claudia Reyna (Longman 1). Drugs hurt Maradona's health and reputation and prevented him from becoming a World Cup champion. Maradona wanted to leave the World Cup stage a champion. Instead he left as its most pathetic figure (Sports Illustrated 10).
As a final example, National League rookie of the year for 1983 and 1986 world series champ, Darryl Strawberry had a great future going for him, but not anymore. Strawberry checked himself into the Betty Ford Center for cocaine abuse (Verducci 16). Five months later he tested positive for cocaine. After this, Strawberry had no team to call his own, as he was suspended from baseball (Verducci 17). Strawberry entered his third rehabilitation center in five years (Verducci 18). Drugs kept Strawberry away from his family. Ruby, his mother, said, "He didn't care what was going on with the family. He was not in touch with us" ( qtd. in Verducci 20 ). Cocaine can take a person away from a lot of things, but taking away from a
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family has to be the worst. Strawberry has had three wives, and five children by those three. Ruby said about the second, "His marriage was a bad one from the beginning"( qtd. inVerducci 22). Cocaine took many valued things away from Strawberry: his wives, children, family, baseball, and, of course, money. Strawberry has since come clean and was a member of the New York Yankee World Championship team.


These athletes not only hurt themselves but their respected sports. These professionals are looked at as heroes. Little children think these athletes can do no wrong. It would be dangerous for parents to let their children to have Daryl Strawberry as a hero. Drug charges are also an embarrassment to the sport. "It dents the sport a little," said Roy Wegerle about Maradona's charges. Fernando Clavijo said that soccer players, like other athletes, are role models, and "we have to be careful what we do" (Longman 1). It would be difficult to tell a kid who wants to be like Maradona, "No son you do not want to be like him." These popular players become suspended, therefore fewer people come to the games, which means less money for the sport. Drugs are hurting sports everywhere. In 1994, the Chinese woman's swim team captured six gold and three silver medals in the world championships held in Rome, everyone shouted "steroids!" "How else could anyone get so good so fast" (Rozin 176)? It has nothing to do with what sport it is, drugs can have a major effect on it.
Though the use of drugs seems to be getting greater, the control of them is getting stronger too. This past summer, in Atlanta, the Olympic Games held its biggest drug crackdown in history. In the National Football League, random drug testing is becoming effective. There are officials that report to every team and educate about drug use. Then there is always rehabilitation (Burwell 1). Suspensions are greater than ever and fines are outrageous. The chance to play and perform must outweigh the desire to experiment with drugs and suffer the painful consequences of drug abuse.
Smoak 4
Works Cited
Burwell, Bryan. "The NFL Confronts the Burgeoning Drug Crisis." Social Issues Resources Series
August 21, 1983, Article #54 Volume 2.
Coffey, Wayne. "Cocaine Back in Sports News, and Many Ask About Bias'Death." New York Daily News. May 20, 1996.
"Cornered Kicker." Sports Illustrated. July 11, 1994. Volume 81.
Corelli, Rae. "The Drug Detectives." Maclean's . July 22, 1996, Volume 109.
Longman, Jere. "Maradona's Suspension Disappoints U.S. Team" New York Times. July 1, 1994.
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. "Packers QB Favre Enters Substance Abuse Program." May 15, 1996.
Plummer, William. "Beating the Blitz." People. October 28, 1996.
Rozin, Skip. "Steroids and Sports: What Price Glory?" Business Week. October 17, 1994.
Sports Illustrated. "Cornered Kicker." July 11, 1994. Volume 81.
Verducci, Tom. "The Hard Price of Hard Living." Sports Illustrated.. February 27, 1995. Volume 82.

Thesis Statement :Different types and styles of wrestling


I.  Free style wrestling
A.  Rules
B.  Style
II.  Professional wrestling
A.  Rules
B.  Style
III.  Greko Roman wrestling
A.  Rules
B.  Style
IV.  Collegiant wrestling
A.  Rules
B.  Style
 Wrestling is broken into four different types based on rules and style; Free style, Professional, Greko Roman, and Collegiant.  Free style is usually started after school is let out for the summer.  The rules of Free style wrestling are pretty simple.  Both wrestlers start in the standing position for all three rounds.  Each round is two minutes long, and the person with the most points at the end of the third round wins.  Free style wrestling is done on a mat, approximately two inches thick and is half the size of a basketball court.  The out of bounds area on the mat is marked by a circle; so no one gets hurt by being thrown off the mat.  There are several ways to score points, takedowns, throws, and pins.  Takedowns are when one wrestler has the other wrestler under control on the mat, all four extremities are touching the mat.  In Free style, after a takedown both wrestlers start back at the standing position.  Takedowns are worth one point, because using the legs is not favorable in Free style.  Throws are exactly what is sounds like, one wrestler throws the other one.  Two to four points can be awarded depending on the height of the throw.  The higher the more points.  After a throw both wrestlers start back at the standing position.  A pin in Free style is when one wrestlers shoulder blades roll on the mat.  You do not have to hold a wrestler down for a count of three to get a pin in Free style.  Free style is basically practice for the Collegiant wrestling season.


      Professional wrestling is done in a boxing ring, the rules are vague, but the sport is very entertaining.  They can hit each other with chairs, body slam from the top ropes, and even throw each other out of the ring!  I think the only rule they have is no biting.  Professional wrestling is done for the entertainment of others.
      Greko Roman wrestling also has three rounds and is played on a mat.  The real difference in Greko Roman is that you can not use the legs at all.   To score points in this type of wrestling you must throw your opponent.  The higher you throw your opponent the more points you receive.  You can win if you throw your opponent and pin him, similar to Free style.  Greko Roman is played in the off season after the Free style season is over.  Greko Roman like Free style is for practice for the Collegiant season.  Very few people wrestle only Greko Roman.
      Collegiant wrestling is for high school, college students, and the Olympics.  It is played on a mat of similar size and boundaries.  There are three rounds which are two minutes long.  The first is started in the standing position, in the second round there is a coin toss.  Whoever wins the coin toss gets to choose what position the wants to start the second round in.  The choices are up, down, or standing.  Up is the term for the other wrestler is on all fours with you behind him, one hand on the belly-button the other on the elbow.  One knee must be down on the mat, the other must be off the mat.  The down position is you are on all fours and the other wrestler is in the up position.  The only advantage of being in the down position is if you are good at reversals.  A reversal is one point, and is done when the down wrestler gets in the up position or the standing position.  Escaping from the other wrestler.  You can also score points by takedowns, two points.  In Collegiant wrestling you can get points by putting your opponents back at a forty-five degree angle to the mat.  Holding him there for four seconds is four points, three seconds is three points.  Pins in this type of wrestling can only be achieved by holding both shoulder blades to the mat for three seconds.  Throws are takedowns and are only two points.  Wrestling is very exhausting sport even though it is only six minutes long, it seems like an eternity.

Concepts of Lifetime Fitness

Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium in which the internal
environment of the human body remains relatively constant. Two
excellent examples of homeostasis are how the body maintains a constant
temperature and blood pressure during strenuous physical activity or
exercise. Although there are many other activities in the body that
display homeostasis, I will only discuss these two.
Temperature in the human body is usually kept at approximately 37
degrees Celsius. To maintain such a strict temperature, the body has a
few functions to combat the outside elements. People cannot make
themselves cold as readily as make themselves hot, however I will
mention both homeostasis functions. When the external temperature
decreases, a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus detects the
drop by means of the blood. To compensate, the brain sends chemical and
electrical impulses to the muscles. These impulses tell the muscles to
begin to contract and relax at very high intervals. This is commonly
known as shivering. The production of Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP in
the mitochondria of the muscles produces heat. If the body temperature
does not rise immediately after this, then a second function begins.
The brain will signal the blood vessels near the skin to constrict or
narrow in diameter. This occurs so the heat deep in the muscles is
conserved. Since the vessels are now smaller in diameter, less blood is
needed to fill them. Since less blood is needed through the vessels,
the heart begins to slow. If the body remains in this slowed state,
hypothermia could result. Hypothermia is the condition in which
metabolic processes are inhibited. The medical world has taken
advantage of this by inducing hypothermia in patients that are
undergoing organ transplants.
To fight temperatures higher than normal, as in exercise or on hot
days, the body reacts in the opposite way than with cold. Again, the
hypothalamus detects the change of temperature in the blood. The brain


signals blood vessels not to constrict, but to dilate. This increases
the diameter of the vessels, and results in the need for more blood.
Since more blood is needed to fill the vessels, the heart pumps faster
and that causes respiration to increase. The increased respiration will
make the body exhale some of the internal heat, like placing a fan in a
window to cool a room. The blood vessels are dilated so the heat deep
in the muscles is easily released. Another commonly known mechanism to
fight heat is sweating. Sweat glands found throughout the body are
stimulated by the hypothalamus to excrete sweat and when the sweat
evaporates, the skin is cooled. If the body is not cooled by the time
all of the internal water supply is used, it could go into hypothermia.
This is when the body becomes dehydrated and proteins begin to
denature. Hypothermia can result in certain death if the water supply
is not immediately replenished. Some advantages to these mechanisms are
the cleansing effect of sweating and weight loss. Sweat, when excreted,
removes waste materials such as bacteria and water. Fat material,
during exercise, is actually "eaten" by the body thus reducing overall
weight.
The second example of homeostasis is blood pressure regulation. When
the hydrostatic pressure of blood is above normal, pressure sensors in
the blood vessels tell the brain through chemical means. The brain will
then stimulate the heart to contract or beat in slower intervals. This
will cause less blood to enter the blood vessels and that will lower the
hydrostatic pressure. If the pressure is lower than normal, the exact
opposite happens. The sensors in the vessels tell the brain and the
brain will then make the heart beat faster so more blood enters the
vessels and the pressure is raised.
The body uses many mechanisms to regulate temperature and blood
pressure. Be it stimuli to the heart from the brain or messages from
the blood, the body maintains its internal environment through a process
called homeostasis.

Coaching Decisions: Granite City's girls' basketball


On December 20, 1996, Granite City's girls' basketball coach, Chuck Kraus, appeared to be agitated during the halftime conference with his players.  After minutes of yelling, he began to use profanity.  Five minutes later, he picked up a bench and threw it across the locker room.  Assistant coach John Moad tried to settle Kraus down, but he failed.  The coach pushed him into the lockers and tossed chalk into his face.  This halftime outburst cost Coach Kraus a three game suspension.  The first practice after his suspension, Kraus held a meeting with the players and the parents.  Jan Shanefelt, the starting point guard of the varsity team, asked the coach why he came back, the girls liked playing under Coach Moad better.  Quickly, Kraus became agitated and threw a hard chest pass that hit Jan in the arm.  The next day Kraus wrote a letter of resignation for the rest of the year and will resume his duties in the fall of '97.  Should Coach Kraus just get suspended for the rest of the year, or should he never be allowed to coach again?  I think Coach Kraus should be fired without any hesitation.
Many of the players and the parents wanted Kraus fired after the first incident, and they definitely want him fired now.  In school systems today, many incidents similar to this happen often.  Are athletic coaches today given too much power and think they can do whatever they think can improve the team?  The coaches should be setting examples to the players, not putting them down.  Athletics are not about winning and losing, it is about getting the most out of your players.  Sometimes the players lose their concentration during the game and need to be reassured during the halftime discussion.  Verbal abuse does not help the players at all.  Coaches also need to remember that they are teaching teenagers, not adults.  Teenage girls look up to their coaches, and lean toward them for guidance.


After the first incident, Coach Kraus claimed to be sick which gave him  a short temper.  The December 22 issue of the Granite City Journal supported Kraus, saying "he is not the type of man to lose control like that.  As much as Kraus has given to the girls' team, he shouldn't be punished for using profanity one time."  The school board President Jeff Parker stated "he is not a person that coaches for the money, he coaches because of his affection for the kids."  These are just some of the explanations in Kraus's defense to help persuade the school not to punish him.
The anticipated return of Coach Kraus to the team was definitely not what the players and parents had expected.  Some of the players were not expecting anything to happen, but they were not suprised when it did.  Kara Coleman, a junior, said "There was no way that Jan could have caught that ball.  It was thrown too hard to be caught.  Everyone on the team had the same story, and this time, Kraus couldn't make excuses.  Granite City High School's Athletic Director, Jerry McKechan, was standing in the gym when the incident happened.  He said there was no reason for Kraus to loose control the way he did. 
The school board had a meeting the next day to decide the fate of Chuck Kraus.  Before they could agree on the appropriate decision, Kraus turned in his resignation letter.  He informed the board that he will take a leave of absence from his basketball duties for the remainder of the year.  Once again, the Granite City papers praised Kraus and printed that they are looking forward to his return next year.  If the school board wants to do the right thing, they will make sure he never coaches again.  If it was my sister that he threw the ball at, he wouldn't have wanted to come back after the distress he would have gone through.  Currently, the team has gone 4-2 since Moad took over (they were 1-8 under Kraus.)  If the school wants to keep a girls' basketball team, they should either make sure Kraus stays away or all the players will quit.

Why Are The Chicago Bulls So Good?

Two weeks ago, I was home watching a Chicago Bulls game. I started to analyze why the team had the best record in the league. About nine years ago, the Chicago Bulls selected Michael Jordan in the third pick of the college draft from North Carolina. A few years later, the Bulls drafted Scottie Pippen from Central Arkansas State and just recently acquired Dennis Rodman from the San Antonio Spurs. After my diagnosis, I concluded that the Bulls have the three key elements to win the championship in 1996. The Bulls have Scottie Pippen the floor general, Michael Jordan the leader, and Dennis Rodman the rebounder.
The Bull's floor general is Scottie Pippen, a player who has control over everything that happens on the floor. Scottie Pippen is one of the most versatile and talented player in basketball. He can pass like a guard, rebound like a power forward, score like a shooting guard, and run and jump like few others. The floor general is very important to the team because when the team is down by two the floor general will always make the basket to pull the team ahead. He also keeps the team focused and helps bring the younger players around.


The leader is Michael Jordan, a player who everyone knows. Michael Jordan is the most recognizable athlete in the world. He is not only the top player of his era but is quite possible the best player ever to wear the uniform of an NBA team. What amazes me about Michael is he was not good in college. He worked harder then any other player to become great, and his career stats prove that fact. Michael walks on the court and leads by example. Ninety percent of the time, Jordan will prevail. Without a leader, the team would not endure the playoffs.
The rebounder is Dennis Rodman, a player who takes his job seriously. He is a very popular player around the league. Dennis is known for his multiple tattoos and colorful hair styles. He is also very flamboyant and a loud mouth: nevertheless, the team could not win without him. The rebounder must take on two roles that nobody wants. He must intimidate the opponent and get a technical foul every game.
The head coach of the Chicago Bulls must be a lucky person. If I had to coach a team as good as the Chicago Bulls, it would be a very easy job with the talent they have on the team. The most important thing about these three players is their love for the game. There are other good teams in the league, and they all have the same type of players floor general, leader, and rebounder. The whole team plays an eminent role in every game. However, the floor general, the leader, and the rebounder must carry the team to the championship.

A Man Against A Charging Bull

The spectacle of bullfighting pits a man against a charging bull. The bullfighter, called a matador, faces the bull in a large dirt-filled arena that is usually surrounded by spectators. Aided by a group of apprentices, called the cuadrilla, the matador goads the bull into charging at him. A bullfight usually features three matadors, each of whom fights two bulls. The bulls are of a distinctly savage breed especially trained to attack humans. A bullfight is relentless. If a matador is injured, another replaces him, and the bull is killed at the end of each match. To followers of bullfighting the contest between man and beast demonstrates human skill and courage as does no other sport. However, many people believe bullfighting is barbaric and inhumane.

The contest begins with a colorful grand entrance by the participants. The actual fight starts when the picadors, who are horse-mounted members of the cuadrilla. They fend off the bull's charges with sharp steel-tipped pikes, called pics. They weaken and anger the bull by piercing its neck and shoulders. Then come the banderilleros, named after their banderillas, or decorated barbed sticks. Clutching a stick in each hand, they rush the bull on foot and plant the barbs in the animal's neck, weakening and angering the beast even more.



Finally the matador comes in for the kill. Brightly dressed, he uses a sword draped with a cloth, called muleta. After a number of intricate passes with the muleta, during which the matador must work extremely close to the bull, the matador sights the bull along his sword, runs forward, and plunges it in, aiming for the half-dollar-size spot between the shoulders. If the sword enters correctly between the shoulder blades, it severs the aorta, or great artery, and the animal dies almost instantly.

A crowd-pleasing matador may be awarded one or both of the bull's ears or its ears and tail. An exceptionally fierce bull may be honored by having its body paraded around the arena. The one thing that sets the Spanish apart from most Europeans living beyond the Pyrenees mountains is their national spectacle of bullfighting. Every city and most towns of any size boast a bullring, where the crowds cheer their favorite but jeer the inept matador, or bullfighter, as he faces his large-horned adversary. Many Northern Europeans are critical of bullfighting and condemn it as a cruel blood sport. Most Spaniards, however, do not see it this way. To them bullfighting is an exciting test of bravery, skill, and grace..

Although bullfighting has been described as inhumane and has been little practiced outside the Iberian peninsula and the Latin America, its defenders say that it is too much ingrained in the culture of the participating countries to ban. Therefore, it appears that bullfighting will be around for years to come, even though it may be limited to a few small countries.

Introduction to Bull Fighting


The immediate reaction of many non-Spanish people to bull fighting is that it is sick, animal killing, unmoral entertainment.  To many others around the world, though, bull fighting is a sport which involves courage, skill, and power, in a struggle between man and beast.  This purpose of this paper is not to discuss the moralities of bullfighting though, it is to give some information on a sport which is loved by many throughout the world.

      A bull fight, or corrida de toros, consists of three matadors, and six matches, which each take about 20 minutes to complete.  These fights take place in a bull fighting arena, or plaza de toros.  The least experienced matador will take the first and fourh matches, and the best matador will fight in the third and last matches.

      The matadors are not alone.  They are accompanied by three banderilleros and two picadores. The matador wears a brightly colored costume known as the suit of lights. His assistants wear less flashy costumes.

      The movement from act to act in the bull-fight is divided by a trumpet blast. The first trumpet signals the paseo, or march of the bull-fighters.  The second trumpet proclaims the entrance of the bull. The matador first watches his chief assistant perform some passes with the yellow and magenta cape, in order to determine the bull's qualities and mood, before taking over himself. During this period the matador is testing the bull's speed, power and tendencies to hook one way or the other. Information learned now is crucial for a successful fight

      The third trumpet signals the entrance of the picadores, mounted on horse back, who carry long pikes with a steel tip which is prevented from going more than four inches into the bull's flesh by a metal guard. The bull carries its head and horns high, so the aim of the picador is to weaken the massive tossing muscle (the morrillo) between the shoulder blades. When the bull charges, the picador leans out and thrusts the pike into the bull's shoulders.

      The brave bull disregards the pain and charges harder into the pike. The cowardly bull backs away and is reluctant to charge again and may be booed by the crowd. The trial of the picks is over at the bull-ring president's descretion, but usually after 2 or 3 picks, which are spearated by a quite, or rescue, in which the bull is lured away from the horse by the banderilleros.

      Following the fourth trumpet the banderilleros attempt to place their banderillas in the bull's withers, again trying to weaken the bull so that the matador is able to work more closely with it.  The banderillas are wooden sticks decorated with colored paper and with a steel harpoon on the end.  The banderilleros usually run in a quarter circle leaning over the bull's horns to place the banderillas.



      On the fifth trumpet blast, the matador removes his black winged hat and dedicates the death of the bull to the president or the crowd before beginning his faena.  The faena is the most beautiful and skillful part of the fight.  This is where the matador must prove his courage and artistry.

      The faena consists of a series of passes made with a muleta.  This is a piece of thick cloth draped over a short stick, which is held in the left hand.  The matador also uses a killing sword, which is always held in the right hand. The classic pass is called the natural, in which the muleta is first held in front of the matador to site the bull and is then swung across and away from the matador's body hopefully leading the bull toward it.  The matador will continue to perform a number of different passes varying in skill until he has demonstrated his complete control over the charging bull.

      The bull is now ready to be killed. The matador stands about ten feet from the bull, keeping the bull fixated on the muleta held low in the left hand, and aiming the sword between the shoulder blades. The matador attacks pushing the sword over the horns and deep between the shoulder blades. If the sword goes in to the hilt it is an estocada but if it hits bone it is a pinchazo.  An estocada usually results in the bull dropping immediately to its knees and dying.  If the bull fails to die, the matador may bring out a descabello (a sword with a short cross piece at the end) which he stabs into the bull's neck severing the spinal cord.  Finally, the fight is over.

      According to the bravery and skill of the matador, they can be awarded trophies by the president.  These "trophies" are actually the ears, tail, and hoof of the bull.  The crowd shows their respect by waving white handkerchiefs.  If the mantador feels that the were a worthy audience, he throws the trophies into the stands.  In return, the people throw hundreds of flowers, which are collected by the mantador's assistants.

      To me, bull fighting sounds like very interesting and exiting entertainment.  I hope that some day, I have the oportunity to attend a corrida de torros.